150 experts demand Correctional Service Canada reverse "coercive" opioid treatment guidance
A new policy in federal prisons removes methadone and Suboxone opioid treatments, leaving only a patented once-per-month gel injection available to prisoners. A large group of experts is raising serious concerns about harms to prisoners –– and the corporate motivations behind the move.
A letter signed by 150 experts has been sent to Correctional Service Canada concerning changes made to federal policy on provision of opioid agonist treatments in prisons.
The previous policy enabled access to methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone (Suboxone), and both have been removed as standard options from the medical formulary. This appears to mean the injected slow-release buprenorphine gel, Sublocade, is to be the only option made consistently available to prisoners.
Of these options, Sublocade is the only medication with an exclusive patent still held by a pharmaceutical company. That company is Indivior, which has lobbied Correctional Service Canada on “the application of addiction treatments within federal prisons” in recent years.
Using fabricated evidence in 2012, Indivior marketed film-based Suboxone as safer around children than the pill form, which had a patent set to expire. Its claim was false and various American agencies fined Indivior over $2 billion. Former CEO Shaun Thaxter was found guilty of a misdemeanour, served six months in federal prison, and paid $600,000 in fines and forfeitures.
People exiting prison experience up to 40-fold greater risk of drug toxicity death, placing this population in a situation of critical need for diverse options. The UN Human Rights Council recently described Canada’s racist incarceration policy:
“Indigenous Peoples comprise approximately five percent of the adult population of Canada and represent 32 percent of detainees in federal custody and 50 percent of all incarcerated women. In certain provincial detention facilities” –– meaning the prairie provinces –– “up to 70 or 80 percent of inmates are Indigenous.”
BC Premier David Eby recently referred to Sublocade as "almost like a vaccine" while announcing new measures for forced abstinence detainment of youths. This statement has no basis in scientific realities about either the drug or vaccines.
Meanwhile, Sublocade demonstrated only a 13.5 percent patient retention at six months in a 2025 study of nearly 60,000 people that concluded it shows "limited long-term effectiveness compared to sublingual buprenorphine." Another 2025 study, funded by Indivior, found 32 percent retention among just 25 individuals studied, and noted “most [patients] continued to use illicit opioids while on treatment.”
A key drug policy advisor to the Alberta government, Keith Humphreys, has sat on the Indivior board of directors since November 2023.
The letter's authors are self-describe as "clinicians, addiction-medicine specialists, and health researchers working in substance use care and correctional health across Canada." It is addressed to a list of commissioners and administrators at Correctional Service Canada.
The letter is broken down into four sections categorizing the concerns raised by the experts:
1. Patient Autonomy, Coercion, and Safety
2. Clinical and Scientific Concerns
3.Pharmaceutical Influence and Cost Concerns
4. Systemic and Operational Concerns
The authors then provide a list of recommendations to CSC, including that the CSC reverse course on this new guidance.
The letter text is reprinted here in full, and a version including signatories and literature cited included at the bottom. The CSC's Interim Guidance document is also provided for reference, along with the BC Centre on Substance Use 2023 document, Extended Release Buprenorphine Guidance, for comparison.
Clinicians, researchers, people who use drugs, and other experts are invited by the authors to sign the letter: www.surveymonkey.com/r/57VPY5F
Re: Urgent Concerns Regarding CSC’s Recent Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT) Policy Changes
Dear Commissioner Kelly and Assistant Commissioner Marie Doyle,
We write as clinicians, addiction-medicine specialists, and health researchers working in substance use care and correctional health across Canada. We are deeply alarmed by Correctional Service Canada’s (CSC) recent policy change designating extended-release buprenorphine (XR-BUP or Sublocade) as the first-line opioid agonist treatment (OAT) option available in federal institutions (“new OAT policy”), while removing buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NAL or Suboxone) from the open-formulary.
Under the new OAT policy, Sublocade is positioned as the “preferred” treatment option for opioid use disorder (OUD). BUP/NAL is no longer an open-formulary medication and must now be accessed through a restrictive and non-formulary request – an opaque process to patients. For those who cannot secure approval through this process, BUP/NAL would have to be paid for out of pocket, which is not feasible for most people in custody. Methadone remains on the formulary, but early reports from clinicians and patients suggest that methadone is now available only under very limited circumstances, effectively inaccessible for most people who are not already on it.
While Sublocade is an effective and preferred option for some patients, no national or international guideline recommends it as the sole or preferred first-line treatment. Limiting access to BUP/NAL and methadone, by adding procedural hurdles, contradicts well-established standards of care, undermines patient autonomy, and creates foreseeable clinical risks. Reports from incarcerated people, since October 2025, indicate that the new OAT policy is already resulting in forced transitions, inadequate informed consent, and avoidable harms. We also have concerns around the evidence relied upon in developing the police and the nature of any industry influence.
We strongly urge CSC to pause implementation, reinstate access to the full range of OAT options based on the standard of care in the community — in keeping with section 86 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, which requires CSC to provide essential health care in conformity with “professionally Page 1 of 16
accepted standards” and the Mandela Rules, which require equivalence of care for people deprived of liberty — and establish an independent review of the OAT policy.
1. Patient Autonomy, Coercion, and Safety
The new OAT policy formalizes the erosion of patient autonomy and encourages coercive treatment practices.
As described in CSC materials, BUP/NAL is no longer an open-formulary medication and can be accessed only through a non-formulary request requiring a prescriber to attest that it is the “only medication” that would work for the patient. It remains unclear what prescribers consider a valid clinical justification, on what basis this assessment should be made, and whether people in custody are being informed regarding how to initiate the process at all. This process also creates delays in timely treatment initiation or continuation for anyone seeking access to a medication that is no longer on the formulary. Since at least October 2025, we have heard multiple reports of people being forced or pressured to switch from BUP/NAL to Sublocade despite clear preferences to remain on their existing therapy, with some experiencing increased cravings or destabilization after being switched involuntarily. At the same time, recent reports from clinicians and people in prison indicate that methadone initiation appears to be permitted only in very limited circumstances. As a result, most people are unable to access either first-line OAT option unless they are pregnant or allergic to Sublocade.
CSC documentation also suggests that people who decline switching to Sublocade (absent pregnancy or allergy) may be “supported” to stop OAT altogether. This amounts to coerced detoxification. National OUD guidelines explicitly warn against detox-only approaches due to sharply elevated risks of relapse, overdose, and death. Conditioning access to standard-of-care treatment on accepting an injectable formulation is coercive, clinically inappropriate, and dangerous.
We have also heard reports of individuals being told they must accept Sublocade “or get nothing at all,” of questions or concerns being dismissed, and of people receiving little or no information about the risks, side effects, or alternatives. These practices violate the right of people in custody to a standard of care equivalent to that available in the community, where both methadone and BUP/NAL remain first-line, guideline-recommended options.
2. Clinical and Scientific Concerns
CSC’s policy is inconsistent with every major OUD treatment clinical guideline. Canadian, U.S., and European guidelines all identify methadone and BUP/NAL as co-equal first-line therapies. None recommend Sublocade as the sole first-line option. The College of Family Physicians of Canada’s position statement on OAT in prison likewise emphasizes that people in custody must have access to all evidence-based OAT medications.
As noted above, CSC’s policy also raises concerns under its statutory duties to provide health care that meets professionally accepted standards and to support independent, patient-centered clinical judgment. A model that restricts access to guideline-recommended first-line treatments is difficult to reconcile with these obligations.
The available clinical evidence does not support elevating Sublocade into a single first-line treatment. Multiple studies demonstrate worse treatment retention with Sublocade than with BUP/NAL, and buprenorphine of any form has retention outcomes equal to or lower than methadone. Treatment retention is among the strongest predictors of improved health outcomes restricting access to medications with stronger retention profiles risks destabilizing individuals whose current therapy is effective.
The scientific foundation CSC has cited is also limited. A central systematic review included only ten studies: many small, heterogeneous, non-randomized, and short in duration, including XR-BUP formulations not currently available in Canada. The lead author (and signature to this document) has clarified that the review findings support Sublocade as an additional option — not a replacement for existing first-line therapies. Another cited U.S. study involved a predominantly heroin-using population, making the findings difficult to extrapolate to Canada’s fentanyl-dominated context. Moreover, the study provided markedly different levels of post-release support across treatment groups: individuals receiving Sublocade were offered free, ongoing injections and follow-up, whereas those receiving sublingual buprenorphine were given only a seven-day supply. These structural differences confound any differences observed in treatment outcomes.
Even when clinically appropriate, many people receiving Sublocade require supplemental BUP/NAL to manage cravings or withdrawal. CSC’s guidance acknowledges this need only narrowly, allowing prescribers to provide supplemental buprenorphine/naloxone during induction. However, the policy offers no mechanism for supplementation beyond that stage, despite real-world evidence that ongoing supplemental dosing is often necessary. As a result, clinically necessary adjustments may be impossible to meet under the current framework.
Since at least October 2025, people inside federal institutions have also reported painful injections, inadequate preparation or monitoring, large injection-site masses, severe allergic reactions, and trauma or fear related to injection. Some described the immediate return of cravings after involuntary transition. These experiences underscore that Sublocade is not appropriate as a universal first-line treatment and should never be imposed without proper assessment, consent, or alternatives.
Taken together, the evidence does not support restricting access to BUP/NAL or methadone, two long-standing, evidence-based first-line OAT options. Doing so effectively creates a single-medication OAT system that is inconsistent with clinical standards and introduces predictable risks — including destabilization of people who are stable on their current therapy, reduced treatment retention, unmanaged withdrawal or cravings, and heightened vulnerability to relapse and overdose. CSC’s approach overstates the strength of the existing evidence and disregards the well-documented harms that arise when people are denied access to the full range of evidence-based OAT options.
3.Pharmaceutical Influence and Cost Concerns
We have concerns around transparency in the development of this new OAT policy, particularly given reports of strong lobbying by Indivior, the manufacturer of Sublocade. Sublocade is the only OAT medication without a generic equivalent and is significantly more expensive than methadone or BUP/NAL. These concerns are heightened by Indivior’s history of regulatory settlements related to misleading marketing and anti-competitive behaviour.
Ensuring that procurement processes, evidence assessments, and policy decisions are independent, evidence-based, and free from undue industry influence is critical, particularly given CSC’s commitment to enhancing transparency and credibility in its interactions with Canadians, including through clear communication on issues of public concern.
4. Systemic and Operational Concerns
The new OAT policy also raises significant operational concerns, particularly around implementation and continuity of care. Reports from institutions describe considerable confusion about how the policy is being applied, wide variability in how information is communicated to patients, and inconsistent adherence to injection protocols. These issues heighten the risk of adverse events and undermine the safe delivery of care.
Continuity of care during release planning is another major concern. Many individuals on parole remain tied to CSC-funded health services and therefore continue to have access only to Sublocade, even when their community lacks providers trained or authorized to administer it. This creates foreseeable gaps during the period of highest overdose risk and makes sustained stabilization far more difficult. Sublocade’s cost (approximately $700+ per injection) further creates barriers to continued treatment following release, particularly in provinces and territories where coverage is limited or requires prior authorization, raising additional concerns about long-term sustainability.
While some correctional staff have cited potential operational benefits, such as reducing diversion or alleviating pressures associated with daily observed dosing, these challenges call for strengthened health services and not the removal of widely accepted, evidence-based treatments.
Recommendations
We urge CSC to:
- Reinstate full access to methadone and BUP/NAL as standard first-line OAT options.
- Pause implementation of Sublocade as first-line OAT option pending an independent clinical and ethical review.
- End coercive practices, including threats of detox or removal of OAT.
- Ensure meaningful informed consent, including information on risks, alternatives, and injection procedures.
- Strengthen clinical training, oversight, and monitoring for Sublocade administration.
- Engage external addiction medicine experts, researchers, and people with lived experience to ensure OAT policy development is in line with standards of care in the community.
- Take steps to support continuity of care for BUP/NAL, methadone, and Sublocade, so that people can maintain their existing OAT regimen on entry to custody and upon release, without treatment interruptions.
- Commission an independent review of procurement processes, evidence sources, and clinical governance, and take steps to ensure transparency regarding the evidence relied on and any manufacturer engagement.
We remain ready to work collaboratively toward an evidence-based, patient-centred OAT model that respects autonomy, ensures equivalency of care, and aligns with national clinical standards. The current policy introduces significant medical, ethical, and human-rights risks that require urgent attention.
Complete letter including citations and signatories:
Correctional Service Canada Interim Guidance on Opioid Use Disorder Program:
BC Centre on Substance Use 2023 Extended-release Buprenorphine Guidance:
Additional information can be sent to info@drugdatadecoded.ca.
Drug Data Decoded provides analysis using news sources, publicly available data sets and freedom of information submissions, from which the author draws reasonable opinions. The author is not a journalist.
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